Management of food quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management of food quality - Essay Example The integrated approach to food safety as adopted by the European Union aims at ensuring that the high levels of food quality are assured and that they are coherently done through measures that are farm-to-table like. This entails adequate monitoring and ensuring efficient functionality of its internal market. To be able to implement this approach, the governing body of the EU has had to develop effective health measures and legislations. Consequently, effective food safety control systems have had to be assured and evaluated to ensure their compliance with the set standards (TRIENEKENS & ZUURBIER, 2008). The safety of the food system is also ensured by independently carrying out a risk assessment different from the risk management. Keeping the quality and safety of food throughout the food chain requires both operating procedures to ensure the wholesomeness of food and monitoring procedures to ensure operations are carried out as intended. The food safety system is usually based on the principle that protection needs to be assured during the course of the food chain if the health of customers is to be sheltered. Primarily, quality management systems are designed to ensure compliance with third party and retailer standards (VOS & WENDLER, 2006). Food safety management systems principally control the specific food safety hazards associated with the product and ensure compliance with food safety legislation. Finally, the quality and safety of food depends on the efforts of everybody involved in the complex chain of agriculture production, processing, transport, food production and consumption. As the EU and the World Health Organization (WHO) put it succinctly - food safety is a shared responsibility from farm to fork. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was established in the year 2002. It is an independent body that works in close cooperation with various scientific agencies and institutions in EU

Psychological Theories on Organisational Work Conditions

Psychological Theories on Organisational Work Conditions A) Describe what psychologists have discovered about organisational work conditions. Psychologists have spent many years trying to prove or disprove the fact that organisation in the work place effects the productivity of the employees. That is to say, if work conditions such as lighting, temperature, noise and vibration do indeed affect the level to which the employees subjected to these issues work. It is proven that the correct lighting will aid a worker in producing a higher level or productivity without tiring so easily. High or low temperature extremes will lower concentration and affect the ability of the worker to continue effective production. High noise levels will detract the workers attention and may cause headaches and other physical ailments which disallow continuing success in the work place. Vibration clearly affects the work of someone needing a steady hand with these things in mind we can see with little doubt that without moderation and organisation work conditions can deteriorate at a vast pace. Work tedium and lack of motivation can be caused by bad management. B) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about organisational work conditions. Let us first address the issue of lighting. Lighting in any instance is a highly reactive thing. In a nightclub or in a romantic setting the lighting is always dim and soft to increase the confidence of the persons involved. Why then, should this be any different in a work place? It is patently obvious that light too dim can cause someone to strain their eyes, not only meaning that they need put in more effort to gain the same results, but they may also result in physical ailments such as headaches and migraines, therefore leading to a great decrease in productivity. Light too bright and harsh can be intrusive, it can affect the workers morale, making them feel on display, and under interrogation, promoting nervousness and strain, thereby affecting the productivity of their work. Temperature is a particularly important factor of the work place. If people feel cold, they are using energy to try and warm themselves, energy that could be used in other ways. If someone is too hot, they become lethargic and listless, making them unable to apply themselves in a devoted manner to any task. Both extremes are damaging to the work place, not only do they create these physical manifestations but they also affect the mood of a worker. Someone knowing that they will be cold all day at work will eventually become unwilling to enter the work place, fearing for yet another day of shivering. Someone knowing that their work place is far too hot will also eventually become unwilling to enter the work place, they can become dehydrated and snappy, irritable with other work mates and generally spreading an unhealthy work atmosphere. High noise levels can be damaging to concentration. Whilst many people enjoy working with the background noise of some music, it is proven to be detrimental to work productivity levels if noise gets too loud. The brain will inevitably find itself split between two tasks that of the work, and that of listening to the noise, and this inevitably detracts from the quality of the work being produced. At the same time, silence or practically no noise in the work place can cause workers to become self-conscious and nervous, also not advantageous to high quality work. Vibration caused by any number of things machines in the office / warehouse where someone works, traffic outside on the street or even faulty plumbing, clearly affects the work of someone needing a steady hand. Not only is this damaging for the quality of the work, but it can also cause health problems in the long term, resulting in back pain and migraines. Bad management such as over delegation or lack of rotation between tasks can cause tedium and boredom in the work place resulting in a lack of motivation to complete the work set, and eventually a higher level of absentees as people decide that going into work is just too tedious and they begin to take ‘sick days’. C) Giving reasons for your answer, suggest how work conditions and schedules may be organised to reduce their negative effects. Most of the above issues can be monitored and regulated through good organisational management. An alert and active manager is required to motivationally ensure that his work team are in the appropriate surroundings to optimise work capacity through conditions. This will alter from work place to work place, for instance, in an office, it is appropriate to have overhead lighting that is not too intrusive and then offer the workers desk lights so that they can monitor their own lighting for their own personal comfort and therefore productivity. Offices should be kept on the warm side rather than the cool side, because staff are generally stationary and this can cause bad circulation. Sitting in the same place all day can cause coldness and effective heating which can be monitored simply is a good solution. This way the staff can operate a consensus and alter the heating if they feel the need to. The noise level should be kept at a constructive rate enough to encourage movement and act ion without negating maximum concentration. Staff should not feel self conscious on the phone or when talking because there is only silence, but loud music or television are obviously not appropriate in this case, as they would clearly detract from the workers ability to give full concentration to the business in hand. Computers should be monitored so that sound is usually turned off unless necessary so that the rest of the workers are not subjected to each computer making different noises all through the day. If the job in question is more physical, say in a warehouse, then these things may be altered. Louder music may encourage faster movement and higher activity levels, lower temperatures will be necessary because the work is more physical and worker will heat more quickly, lighting may need to be more stringent in order to avoid tripping or any accidents. Vibration in any work place is not beneficial, it will make anything involving your hands harder and most jobs do involve ta ctility. It can cause physical and bodily harm and pain and no work place wishes to subject this on its workers. Maximum attention should be given to ensure that no-one is in the situation where they are subjected to constant vibration. Lastly, this should all be overseen by a manager who has the foresight to allow for all these things, and the personal tastes of his team. He should allow change and varied job delegation in order to avoid boredom and tedium, this will give his staff a pleasant and comfortable environment in which to offer his staff diverse activities, keeping them motivated, happy and relaxed.

Students vs. The System Essay -- essays research papers fc

Students vs. the System Education has always been a great factor in determining human survival and success. Whether it is learning to live in a harsh environment or learning to manage a company, education is and always will be incredibly significant. Education is so important in modern society that a system of grades has been developed to evaluate students of all ages and levels. In Paul Goodman’s essay â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Grading† he argues that the grading system that is commonly used in our society is ineffective and should be done away with. This idea is wrong since there are many positive outcomes that result from the current grading system. Goodman opens up his piece by making his claim that grades have take precedence over everything in classrooms. He also mentions that some authorities in the educational field agree with and support this statement. â€Å"I think that a majority of professors agree that grading hinders teaching and creates a bad spirit, going as far as cheating and plagiarizing† (Goodman 206). Here, he talks about how grading has lost its power, and has been reduced to a meaningless letter on paper that tempts students to cheat in order to receive a passing grade on their assignments. He also goes on to declare that, â€Å"†¦grading is inevitable; for how else will the graduate schools, the foundations, and corporations know whom to accept†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goodman 206). By expressing these ideas in such close proximity, it can be inferred that Goodman believes grades are unreliable sources of data due to cheating. Although cheating is a prevalent problem in all places of work, it should not be a reason to disregard looking at grades when considering an applicant for hire. Letter grades from all schools simply represent the work ethic of that particular student. The threat that a person who received high grades could be a cheater is always present, but the characteristics of a cheater can easily be recognized by other workers and by the employer. So the belief that grades are unreliable due to cheating is erroneous, due to the fact that not all students are cheaters. The grading system simply provides a standard that all students should fall under, which implies that all applicants be educated. This is just a small sample of what Goodman includes in this essay. Two other topics that Goodman covers in good detail are the purpose of a test and the self-awar... ...defend and help people, but when used in the wrong hands, it becomes a weapon for evil. This grading system, much like a gun, is a tool just as capable of being used for evil in the sense that teachers abuse their power to grade by forcing lazy students to work. By abusing the system and threatening students with grades is what prompts them to cheat, steal, and copy, not the grading system itself. The current grading system implemented in schools today is a great thing, where students are able to monitor their own progress, and be rewarded for their hard work with high grades. Goodman makes some good points in his proposal by mentioning the somewhat unreliability of grades, and by acknowledging the strength of a self-aware student, but they are outweighed by his weak, one-sided arguments accusing the modern grading system of being useless and bad. Education is a powerful tool in the present day and age, and although what people are being taught has changed significantly, one can never learn too much to prepare for future success. Works Cited Goodman, Paul. â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Grading.† Elements of Argument. Ed. Ellen Rottenburg. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 206-209

International Issues and Discrimination Essay

Before the UCC and the UCITA, the first Act of U. S. government in regulating commerce is the â€Å"Commerce Clause† of the United States Constitution, which provides Congress with authority to regulate not only business, but any â€Å"intercourse† conducted between parties situated in different States. This power extends to all instrumentalities of interstate commerce (telephone, highways, radio, waterways), as well as to intrastate conduct that has an aggregate and substantial effect on interstate commerce (agriculture, employment and housing discrimination). There are a number of differences between Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code and UCITA. The UCC Article 2 is designed to facilitate the sale, shipment and delivery of tangible goods, i. e. , movable personal property identified in a contract. The UCITA is intended to facilitate the â€Å"licensing† of intangible computer-related intellectual property, with an emphasis on permitting owners of software the ability to maintain control over their intellectual property forever. In an ordinary sale, software, despite the presence of a â€Å"shrink-wrap† licensing contract, is considered the property of the buyer, after the transaction takes place, and the buyer is free to essentially ignore any portion of the agreement that prevents the buyer from exercising control over the software, including the right of resale. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a collection of modernized, codified, and standardized laws that apply to all commercial transactions with the exception of real property. Developed under the direction of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, the American Law Institute, and the American Bar Association (ABA), it first became U. S. law in 1972. Since that time, it has undergone a process of constant revision. Article 2 of the UCC covers such areas as sales contracts, performance, creditors, good faith purchasers, and legal remedies for breach of contract. Given its concern with the always important issue of contracts, small business owners need to be thoroughly acquainted with this section. This is one of the most confusing and fiercely litigated sections of the UCC and this was the aspect that led to its revision. In any transaction, there is the aspect of the sale and the licensing of a product. These two concepts, though seeming not to be too different, are not that similar. The difference between selling a product and licensing it is that a sale is a complete and final transfer from a seller to a buyer, of all right, title and interest in and to the property identified in the contract. A license, on the other hand, is the right to use the property of another under certain agreed-upon terms and conditions. Many of the provisions in the UCITA were first proposed as a modification to Article 2 of the UCC. The UCITA is extremely controversial. It stands hundreds of years of contract law â€Å"on its head†, so to speak. The UCITA interferes with the United States Copyright Act by effectively limiting what is known as the â€Å"First Sale Doctrine,† which permits a purchaser of a copy of the creative work of another, the right to resell that copy. To this extent, the UCITA may be unconstitutional. This may be one of the reasons as to why UCITA was proposed as a separate entity; sometimes unconventional means are more productive than conventional means. This acts as a fall back for immediate remedy to situations. As Article 2 deals with contracts and purchases, UCITA acts as a form of checks and balances strategy within the same system and in turn enables the business society in the United States of America the comfort to freely trade with one another and with the outside world.

Democratic Education in Modern China Essay

Education plays an important role in transforming a society, this follows from its impact on the reasoning of persons, transforming of culture, change of attitude, increased efficiency and also the enhancement of a systematic analysis of some documentations that enable the creation of a new knowledge among other impacts. It enables the transfer of skills from one person to the other and also the sharing of experience that is meant to increase efficiency. Educating society enables the country to develop its human resources. This is enhanced through the imparting of skills that are meant to improve the labour productivity and efficiency in performing varied tasks. Education also impacts communication in a positive manner as the trainees are provided with the skills on how to effectively communicate. Effective communication enables the employees of an organisation to exchange ideas with much easy, hence promoting the sharing of experience that is likely to enhance improved efficiency in some organisation. Education history in China can be traced to have started at the initial stages of the Chinese civilization. It started among the nobles who established educational training for their young ones. The first school that was established in was Shang Hsiang, that was meant to teach the youth and specifically the nobles on some skills as provided by the Chinese culture (Deng, 1). The establishment of Shang Hsiang school can therefore be perceived as the starting point for education in China. Afterwards the government established five national schools that were meant to teach specifically the junior nobles. The national schools thought the six Arts that include rite, mathematics, Calligraphy, Charioteering, Archery and Archery, that formed the six practices of the Chinese culture. Within the same time, hundred schools of thought emerged within the Chinese community having Confucianism as the most popular school of thought. The leader of Confucianism, that is Confucius was perceived as being the originator for the education that was meant to reach the large numbers, that is, educate for the public. Confucius advocated for the provision of education to all the population without discrimination and encouraged the teaching of the students according to their respective ability. The advocating for education for all and according to their ability followed the discrimination that was existing by then in providing educational training because it was only meant for the noble youths, who were the offspring of he nobles. Therefore, this can be perceived as being a setback in the early development of education in China during the Cultural Revolution. The success and the failures of the Cultural Revolution reforms in Education. The success or the failure of the cultural revolution reforms imply the extend to which the educational reforms met the purported purposes as provided by the authority. In the early establishment of schools in China, the process of enhancing education was affected by the political structure, where schools were grouped according to political entities in order to gain favour of social influence. The political structure affected education depending on which school of thought that the leaders of the society regarded as being appropriate as the various schools of thought were in competition. For example, Qin Shi Huang favored for legalism, that is, the Chinese philosophy, and perceived the other schools of thought as being useless (Peterson, 20). Following his attitude, he used to burn books from the other schools of though and buried scholars belonging to the schools of thought that were not preferable according to him. This actions is one of the major setbacks that retarded the development of education in China during the cultural revolution. Confucianism was advocated as the national education doctrine by Emperor Wu of Han. This situation disadvantaged the other schools of thought that never had an upper hand in the Chinese politics, despite their educational content. Otherwise, it was just a matter of the attitude other than the quality of education inherent in different schools of schools of thought. The success of education in China was however boasted by the invention of paper in China. This enabled effective documentation of the educational teachings, and enhanced easy reference and storage. The freedom to access education, that is, the autonomy of education from political influence was enhanced through the defeat of the Chinese empire in the Opium war. This marked the turning point for education standard and access in China. Following the defeat, the modern western education streamed into the country in various languages. It also impacted the various sectors that included the national defence and the technicalities that were used in production. The government also boasted the education by sending numerous students abroad to study varied technical courses. The families also sent their offspring for study in the countries that include the United States of America, Europe and Japan. Towards the end of the 19th Century a number of high learning institutions were established that include the Jiaotong University and also the Peking University. On introducing the western education and deserting the cultural oriented education, the Chinese education system focused in enhancing economic modernisation as the main agenda foe improving the education standard. This direction was provided in 1984 following the designing of laws that were meant to govern the Chinese education system (Hill and Storey, 27). An education plan was also designed in 1985 that was meant to reform the education system. Among the contents on the plan included the five year compulsory education and also the instituting of the State Education Commission. The government devoted funds in the improvement of the education standards and ensuring that more citizens were accessible to education. In China, the policies that have been designed overtime have been alternating between improving the knowledge also the practical application of the knowledge in enhancing national development. This was meant to orient the education system in making it relevant for national development. The government has also been trying to lessen the gaps that exist between the workers and the peasants in terms of literacy. The urban population also seem to be more educated than the rural population, thus the government has also been trying to seal the gap by supplying the rural population with the educational facilities. There has also been an encouragement for the intellectuals to engage in providing manual labour in enhancing national development. Science and technology was offered the first priority in enhancing national development, however social sciences were also perceived as being reinforcing in attaining national development. The vocational training was considered equivalently important. The elite were encouraged to further their capabilities by seeking further training in improving their efficiency and competence. The intellectuals were also encouraged to engage in research that was meant to create new knowledge in integrating it which the knowledge from abroad. The beneficiaries of the criteria that used in selecting students for higher education during the cultural revolution time, where recommendations dependent on political connectivity than merit. The higher education in China can be perceived to have risen following the dynamics in the political policies that have been occurring in the modern China. The need for higher education arose due to the emphasis over professionalisms and the enabling of technical competence. In the early stages of Chinese cultural revolution, a large number of students were enrolled in Red Guard organizations which were the higher learning institutions by then (Williams, 117). In 1970s, according the admission criteria into the Red Guard, one was admitted to the organization only if they were recommended from their work unit and had good political credentials, and on the condition that they were not involved in the manual labour. There were no examinations that were meant to evaluate the ability of the students who were admitted to the University, meaning that there was a possibility for admitting incapable students to the university. Admission into a university heavily depended on political connections of an individual other than merit; therefore one required a political recommendation before joining university. Following the criteria that was used in admitting students into the university, the education standard was reported to had fallen to an extend to which the students were unable to read a book after leaving the university in their respective fields of study. This situation also had an impact of demoralizing the university administrators. The criteria of admission only gave an opportunity to the children of the cadres and the officers who had connections that were to enable them get admission for their children ‘through the back door’. Therefore, following the nature of the criteria that was used to admit students, the students who benefited from the high learning education were the ones who had a political connection that was to enable them secure an admission through the back door. This method of admission disadvantaged the potential students who could have made in better in the university due to lack of political connection. The children of the peasants stood at a disadvantage meaning that the cycle of being politically non-influential was likely to persist, as the politically influential persons were likely to prepare their children to take over after them, hence perpetuating leadership within some families. The Red Guards can be regarded as being naive pawns in an elite struggle other than being rational actors that were to protect their self interests. The criteria that was adapted by the Red Guards in admitting the students into the university portray the Red Guard as being naive pawns in an elite power struggle than rational actors protecting their self interest. This is evident in the situation where the red Guards only engaged in admitting students into the university without any evaluation on whether they have the ability to pursue various courses of their preference. As mentioned early, the graduates never even had the ability to read a book even after graduating from the university. The criteria locked out the children who belonged to his peasant families regardless of their ability to excel in academics. This situation enabled the politically connected persons to reign with fewer competitions from the other members of the society, regardless of their weaknesses because the criteria provided them with a protection against. The aim for the high education was to enable high performance among the students when they are in practice, implying that the admitting of students who do not qualify into the university following their political connections is anti development (Smith and Buckle, 231) The admitting of students who do not qualify for admission will contribute less to national development because the education attained while in the university will have less impact in improving their performance. The red guards were trying to ensure that competition is restrained because of the posts that were to enable them maintain their social classes were likely to be taken by the new elites that were likely to emerge among the peasants, thus it was a strategy over which the peasants were denied the opportunity to compete favorably with the politically connected persons. The dominance was only to be reinforced by restricting the new forces that were likely to emerge from the peasants is they accessed higher education. The Red guards can be regarded as being protecting their interests, but the protecting of their interests was irrational. They can be perceived as being irrational actors following the fact that the criteria was undermining national development, because the graduates were likely to fail meeting the responsibilities entrusted to them with regard to the academic tittles awarded to them. The aim for higher education was to enhance national development, therefore the act of offering education to persons who were certain to contribute less to national development seem to be an irrational act as the purported reasons for offering higher education were never attained. This implies the wasting of resources by the state in educating students whose marginal productivity in contributing to the national development was below the optimal requirements, thus a bogus investment. Thus, making the whole process an irrational. A comparison and contrast between the cultural revolution reforms in education and the educational reforms the were introduced after 1978. Following the failures of the cultural revolution reforms in education in attaining accelerated national development, there arose various reforms after 1978 that were meant to enhance effectiveness in the education system in enabling national development. For instant, during the 1980’s, there were a number of reforms that occurred following the modernization goals that were set by the government. The higher education was regarded as being the foundation for research and training that was meant to enhance national development on doing the application of the knowledge that is created (Jinxia, 219). This is different from the times of cultural revolution where higher education was used for the purpose of prestige and not for enhancing national development. There were also reforms in the management of the higher learning institutions that gave a new focus in terms of the offering opportunity to the students and the content of the courses offered. Following the reforms, the universities were provided with the opportunity of choosing their own curriculum and participation in the various projects. They were also grated an autonomy to hire their staff and manage the funds awarded to them by the government. The university admission criteria also changed, where only the academically able students were to be considered. In making a comparison between the cultural revolution reforms and the reforms after 1978, the reforms during the cultural revolutions were meant to perpetuate education only within the a few individuals in the society in enhancing the reigning of the a few over the majority, therefore, education was used as a strategy to rule. Education was denied to the peasants because offering them education was perceived as being ‘sharpening an iron for oneself’, therefore the reforms in the education system were meant to limit the access to education to a few individuals, that is, the persons who were politically connected. This is contrary to the policy reforms that were enhanced after 1978. After 1978, access to education was made easy, where higher education was meant for the students who were capable (Sakai, 67). That is, everything was done on merit, with less political influence through the enhanced university autonomy. The reforms were guided by the modern development goals that were set, which were supposed to enhance national development through the investing in education. National development was to be enabled through research and development that was to be based on the higher learning institutions. In enabling breakthroughs, the universities were then provided with an incentive of evaluating students before being admitted on ensuring that the education that was offered was to be effective in enhancing national development. The objective of the educational reforms during the cultural revolution was to maintain the societal status held by some families, that is, education was meant only for the nobles. After 1978, the objective of enhancing educational reforms changed from self interest to the realizing of national development through the building of human resources of the country. The results of educational reforms during the cultural revolution is the lagged technological development that was reflected in the retarded national development and also the existence of inequalities within the Chinese community following the nature of reforms that favoured some classes in society at the expense of the rest of the society. The country was also experiencing low labour productivity following the fact that the non-qualified personnels were given the opportunity to lead various institutions or perform some tasks that were entrusted to them. The results for the reforms after 1978 were positively rewarding in enhancing national development (Lu-chai, 93). The country was able to utilize the talents that were inherent in its population non-selectively through the admission to higher learning institutions based on merit. It increased equality in society as all the population later had equal access to education once one’s ability is evident. The country also realized improved labour productivity because the skills attained in higher learning institutions were likely to be applicable in practice following the nature of students admitted to the university. The impact of the dismantling the commune system in China and the return of family farming on the provision and demand for the basic education among the Chinese rural area Education in China was received as the means in which an individual can improve his or her welfare, and this is enhanced through the offering of services using the skills attained through education for compensation. Therefore, education was perceived as being an investment that was meant improve one’s welfare (Price, 311). The commune system in China can be perceived as a factor that contributed to persons in society not to work hard, because they were likely to get an equal share to the ones who did not work. Therefore, people, and more especially the ones who were living in the rural areas and who depended on farming did not see the need for seeking education as all their requirements were met communally. The dismantling of the commune system by the adaptation of the return to family farming affected the perception of persons in the Chinese society and more especially persons staying in the rural areas who heavily depended on farming. The implication of the dismantling is that each family was expected to struggle in satisfying its needs. Following the high population of the the Chinese people, the population never had a reasonable land to do farming on sustaining the population, therefore, the population turned to seeking education as a means of gaining skills that will enable then to earn a living. Therefore, the dismantling of the communism system to family farming can be perceived to have triggered the demand for basic education following the need to attain skills in enhancing an improved welfare. The family setups took the responsibility of ensuring that their children were educated in enhancing an improved welfare of both the family and for their children, thus is was perceived as being a gateway to success. The reasons as to why vocational training was popular during the reform period compared to the Maoist era. There were emphasis during the times of 1949-76 concerning the significance of vocational training in applying education to meet production requirements. The vocational education became popular after the 1978 reforms (Peake, 32). The logic behind vocational training popularity after the 1978 reforms is that during the times, that is, before 1978, the vocational training was perceived as being an inferior education to be offered to the peasant children, thus making it unpopular. During the reform period, vocational training became popular following the agenda for attaining modernization in China, therefore children were encouraged to join vocational training that was meant to equip the population with the skills that were supposed to delver the country into the desired modernization. The popularity of vocational training can also be attributed to the the dismantling of communism system in 1982 that lead to the family based farming. The dismantling of communism provided an incentive over which society members saw the need to acquire the skills that were expected to earn them a living hence an avenue over which vocational training attained popularity. The requirements for getting a university admission were based on merit during the times of the reforms, thus there was a large number of persons who were not likely to attain an entry into the university education. Therefore, as an alternative for attaining skills, the population opted for vocational training that had less requirements for training. The number of vocational training institutions were also many compared to the universities, therefore due to resource scarcity a large number of persons were likely to get vocational training than university education. Despite the large number of vocational training institutions, the institutions were also accessible even to the persons leaving in the rural areas, on the reason that the population is likely to utilize the reasons that are easily accessible than the ones that are far reaching. Work Cited Deng Peng. Private Education in Modern China. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1997. Hill, p. and Storey Colin. Facing Up to China: A Series of Essays from the Making of Modern. Brtistol Polytechnic Library. 1987. Lu-chai Chung. A History of Democratic Education in Modern China. University Publications of America. 1977. Jinxia Dong and Dong Jinxia. Women, Sports, and Society in Modern China: Holding Up More Than Half the Sky. F Cass. 2003. Peake Henderson. Nationalism and Education in Modern China. University of California. 2007. Peterson Glen. The Power of Words: literacy and Revolution in South China, 1949-95. UBC Press. 1998. Price, R. Education in Modern China. Routledge. 2004. Sakai Robert. Politics and Education in Modern China. Harvard University. 1953. Smith Douglas and Bucklew Neil. Middle Education in the Middle Kingdom: The Chinese Junior High School in Modern Taiwan. Praeger. 1997. Williams Michael and Humprys Graham. Citizenship Education and Lifelong Learning: Power and place. Nova Publishers. 2003.

Free Essays on Self Assessment

Want To vs. Should : (Who or what influences your career decisions?)As a starting point, let's try a simple thought exercise. Think about three things in your life that may be career-related (such as choice of your major). Make a statement about each career-related choice: "I WANT TO..." Work, Finish school, have fun"I SHOULD..." Get a good job, plan for retirement, have fun Did you come up with different statements for "I WANT" and "I SHOULD"? YesWere any of your statements the same for both items?yes! Have fun! For students, career-decision making includes understanding this aspect of how you make choices. It is natural for your decisions to be influenced by people who are important in your life, but you can make better decisions if you understand these influences and know yourself. Realistic, Investigative, Enterprising = R I E Four Things Everyone Wants from Work: ECONOMIC - What kind of compensation do you need and want? Compensation that reflects my responsibility and expertise SOCIAL - What kind of people do you want as colleagues, supervisors, clients? Equal in education and experience, People with good communication skill and as clients knowledgeable yet respectful of my work experience EMOTIONAL - What intrinsic rewards do you want from work (e.g. challenge, new learning)? Gain unlimited training and experience SPIRITUAL - How do you want to contribute to society? By making a good product for society at a affordable price so that all can enjoy _++___ADVANCEMENT (Moving forward in your career through promotions) ____CHALLENGE (stimulates full use of your potential) ____CHANGE & VARIETY (varied, frequently changing work responsibilities and/or work settings) ____COMPETITION (Pit your abilities against others where there is clear win/lose outcomes) _++___COOPERATION (opportunity to work as a team toward common goals) _++___CREATIVITY (being imaginative, innovative) ____ECONOMIC SECURITY (... Free Essays on Self Assessment Free Essays on Self Assessment Want To vs. Should : (Who or what influences your career decisions?)As a starting point, let's try a simple thought exercise. Think about three things in your life that may be career-related (such as choice of your major). Make a statement about each career-related choice: "I WANT TO..." Work, Finish school, have fun"I SHOULD..." Get a good job, plan for retirement, have fun Did you come up with different statements for "I WANT" and "I SHOULD"? YesWere any of your statements the same for both items?yes! Have fun! For students, career-decision making includes understanding this aspect of how you make choices. It is natural for your decisions to be influenced by people who are important in your life, but you can make better decisions if you understand these influences and know yourself. Realistic, Investigative, Enterprising = R I E Four Things Everyone Wants from Work: ECONOMIC - What kind of compensation do you need and want? Compensation that reflects my responsibility and expertise SOCIAL - What kind of people do you want as colleagues, supervisors, clients? Equal in education and experience, People with good communication skill and as clients knowledgeable yet respectful of my work experience EMOTIONAL - What intrinsic rewards do you want from work (e.g. challenge, new learning)? Gain unlimited training and experience SPIRITUAL - How do you want to contribute to society? By making a good product for society at a affordable price so that all can enjoy _++___ADVANCEMENT (Moving forward in your career through promotions) ____CHALLENGE (stimulates full use of your potential) ____CHANGE & VARIETY (varied, frequently changing work responsibilities and/or work settings) ____COMPETITION (Pit your abilities against others where there is clear win/lose outcomes) _++___COOPERATION (opportunity to work as a team toward common goals) _++___CREATIVITY (being imaginative, innovative) ____ECONOMIC SECURITY (...

Qantas Background Essays

Qantas Background Essays Qantas Background Essay Qantas Background Essay Air travel industry has come long way. Established with the intention of achieving more efficiency in communication, the industry has diversified itself to a far reaching economy. With the advent of war during the mid-centuries and globalization by the end of last century, the commerce morphed itself to become more useful in the economies of communication, freight, domestic and international investments, travel and leisure. Qantas which were among the few airline companies who have witnessed the transformation of the industry continued to adapt its progress on the change of the trade. The company has answered the call of the diversifying and growing perusal of aerial commerce. Along with Netherland’s KLM, Colombias Avianca, and Czech Republics Czech Airlines, Qantas operated the first flagship air travel. Qantas operated its first aircraft, an Avro 504K, with a cruising speed of 105 kilometres per hour (65Â  mph) and carried one pilot and two passengers. The airline operated air mail services subsidised by the Australian government, linking railheads in western Queensland. World War I and World War I brought a new life to the airline industry. The end of the wars highlights the beginning of a new and expanded air industry. Similar to many airlines in the allied countries, Qantas foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. The company has invested in newly emerging flagships of air travel. Qantas expanded its operation from domestic travel to new international routes. In response to a growing competition, Qantas added efficiencies into its operation by buying new aircrafts which commanded a new level of speed, increase in passenger capacity, payload, and range. By last decades of the century, deregulation allowed new airlines to start up in the Oceania market. This has produced far greater competition than ever before. Averaging fares tend to drop by 20% or more. The added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that new entrants took market share with highly reduced rates to a limited degree from full serviced airlines, such as Qantas. This has been a major constraint on profitability for established carriers like Qantas as they tend to have a higher cost base. To prevent any further loss of market share, Qantas responded by creating a new cut-price subsidiary airline, Jetstar Airways. It had also developed a full-service all-economy international carrier focused on the holiday and leisure market, which had taken on the formerly-used Australian Airlines name. Although the airline ceased its operations, Australian Airlines commemorated the expansion of Qantas into air travel market Today, Qantas is engaged in the transportation of passengers using two airline brands, Jetstar and Qantas. Along with the growing industry for air travel, the Qantas group contributes to the economic growth, international investment and tourism of the country. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2010, its Qantas group carried 62 million passengers in 26 different routes within and outside Australia across the Atlantics and Pacific’s. Qantas has maintained its position as the unbeatable first in commercial air trade of Oceania.

Major General Alexander Hayes in the Civil War

Major General Alexander Hayes in the Civil War Alexander Hays - Early Life Career: Born July 8, 1819 at Franklin, PA, Alexander Hays was the son state Representative Samuel Hays.   Raised in northwestern Pennsylvania, Hays attended school locally and became a skilled marksman and horseman.   Entering Allegheny College in 1836, he left the school in his senior year to accept an appointment to West Point.   Arriving at the academy, Hays classmates included Winfield S. Hancock, Simon B. Buckner, and Alfred Pleasonton.   One of the best horsemen at West Point, Hays became close personal friends with Hancock and Ulysses S. Grant who was a year ahead.   Graduating in 1844 ranked 20th in a class of 25, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 8th US Infantry. Alexander Hays - Mexican-American War: As tensions with Mexico increased following the annexation of Texas, Hays joined Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation along the border.   In early May 1846, following the Thornton Affair and beginning of the Siege of Fort Texas, Taylor moved to engage Mexican forces led by General Mariano Arista.   Engaging at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, the Americans won a clear victory. This was followed the next day by a second triumph at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma.   Active in both fights, Hays received a brevet promotion to first lieutenant for his performance.   As the Mexican-American War ensued, he remained in northern Mexico and took part in the campaign against Monterrey later that year. Transferred south in 1847 to Major General Winfield Scotts army, Hays took part in the campaign against Mexico City and later aided Brigadier General Joseph Lanes efforts during the Siege of Puebla.   With the end of the war in 1848, Hays elected to resign his commission and returned to Pennsylvania.   After working in the iron industry for two years, he traveled west to California in the hopes of making his fortune in the gold rush.   This proved unsuccessful and he soon returned to western Pennsylvania where he found work as an engineer for local railroads.   In 1854, Hays moved to Pittsburgh to commence employment as a civil engineer.    Alexander Hays - The Civil War Begins: With the beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, Hays applied to return to the US Army.   Commissioned as a captain in the 16th US Infantry, he left this unit in October to become colonel of the 63rd Pennsylvania Infantry.   Joining Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac, Hays regiment traveled to the Peninsula the following spring for operations against Richmond.   During the Peninsula Campaign and Seven Days Battles, Hays men were predominantly assigned to Brigadier General John C. Robinsons brigade of Brigadier General Philip Kearnys division in III Corps.   Moving up the Peninsula, Hays took part in the Siege of Yorktown and the fighting at Williamsburg and Seven Pines.            After participating in the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, Hays men repeatedly saw action during the Seven Days Battles as General Robert E. Lee launched a series of attacks against McClellan.   At the Battle of Glendale on June 30, he earned high praise when he led a bayonet charge to cover the retreat of a Union artillery battery.   In action again the next day, Hays helped repel Confederate attacks at the Battle of Malvern Hill.   With the end of the campaign a short time later, he departed for a month of sick leave due to partial blindness and paralysis of his left arm caused by combat service. Alexander Hays - Ascent to Division Command: With the failure of the campaign on the Peninsula, III Corps moved north to join Major General John Popes Army of Virginia.   As part of this force, Hays returned to action in late August at the Second Battle of Manassas.   On August 29, his regiment spearheaded an assault by Kearnys division on Major General Thomas Stonewell Jacksons lines.   In the fighting, Hays received a severe wound in his leg.   Taken from the field, he received a promotion to brigadier general on September 29.   Recovering from his wound, Hays resumed active duty in early 1863.   Leading a brigade in the Washington, DC defenses, he remained there until late spring when his brigade was assigned to Major General William Frenchs 3rd Division of the Army of the Potomacs II Corps.   On June 28, French was transferred to another assignment, and Hays, as the senior brigade commander, took command of the division. Serving under his old friend Hancock, Hays division arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg late on July 1 and assumed a position towards the northern end of Cemetery Ridge.   Largely inactive on July 2, it played a key role in repelling Picketts Charge the next day.   Shattering the left side of the enemy assault, Hays also pushed part of his command out to flank the Confederates.   In the course of the fighting, he lost two horses but remained uninjured.   As the enemy retreated, Hays flamboyantly seized a captured Confederate battle flag and rode before his lines dragging it in the dirt.   Following the Union victory, he retained command of the division and led it during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns that fall.    Alexander Hays - Final Campaigns In early February, Hays division took part in the abortive Battle of Mortons Ford which saw it sustain over 250 casualties.   Following the engagement, members of the 14th Connecticut Infantry, which had sustained the bulk of the losses, accused Hays of being drunk during the fighting.   Though no evidence to this was produced or immediate action taken, when the Army of the Potomac was reorganized by Grant in March, Hays was reduced to brigade command.   Though unhappy with this change in circumstances, he accepted it as it permitted him to serve under his friend Major General David Birney.   When Grant commenced his Overland Campaign in early May, Hays immediately saw action at the Battle of the Wilderness.   In the fighting on May 5, Hays led his brigade forward and was killed by Confederate bullet to the head.   When informed of his friends death, Grant commented, â€Å"He was a noble man and a gallant officer.   I am not surprised that he met his death at the head of his troops.   He was a man that would never follow, but would always lead in battle.† Hays remains were returned to Pittsburgh where they were interred in the citys Allegheny Cemetery.   Ã‚     Ã‚   Selected Sources Major General Alexander HaysHistory Central - Alexander HaysUnion Generals: Alexander Hays

Chemical enginering Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemical enginering - Personal Statement Example The ceremony was simply fascinating and the deep impression lasted for years. I realised that this was the turning point of every person’s life. A young graduated professional walks into the unknown to pursue his hopes and dreams in his future career. Also, I felt a sense of community while observing other students. The community I became eager to be a part of. I understood that this was a whole new level and I had to work hard to achieve it. It was my time to start planning my future and my life, to start thinking about my place in the society and the purpose of my life. I felt that I needed achievements that I could be proud of so that one day I would share my experience with future generations. I chose chemical engineering to be my intended major and my future career. I have great passion for science and technology because it is my strong conviction that they can be beneficial to people and improve the quality of life of each and every individual. Especially, I am intereste d in biofuel as the research in this area can improve the situation with global warming. Biodiesel is significantly more environment friendly then traditional diesel fuel. For example, while burning it produces less pollution and its engine behaviour it approximately the same as in case of traditional fossil fuel. However, the current biodiesel production technology is still not able to satisfy the needs of industry. The fact points out to the importance of research in the area and the development of new production methods. In this way I will be able to make my contribution into society and help people. In my life I had hopeless moments and I know what it feels like. My sister and I were raised only by my mother in Hong Kong. Because I was older, I had to take care of my sister during school time and our way home. She always turned to me in case of any problems. It significantly helped me to realize the importance of responsibility and develop my leadership skills. I also had to dev elop strong communications skills and the ability to fit into new environment while interacting with people substantially older then we were. I am proud of that because I did not turn to anyone for an advice doing everything on my own. I became independent in my views and developed the feeling that I can find a way out of almost any situation. We later moved to the US to start a new life. I absolutely agree with my mother’s decision because a person must always evolve both spiritually and as a professional. Also, it was a great opportunity to face new challenges and see what I really could do. Talking about chemical engineering, I am full of ambitions. By my example, I want to show everybody how we must push the frontier of knowledge. Showing outstanding leadership skills, highlight that it is never too late to better ourselves and persuade people to change their treatment of the environment. 2. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experie nce that is important to you. It is my strong conviction that a person must try a number of part time jobs before entering college or university. It is very important to feel a sense of community you live in, develop skills necessary to fit in the group and be more social. Also, by working from an early age a person will become more responsible while making new contacts. It can help you develop vital characteristics that

Transforming for Success Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Transforming for Success - Assignment Example Transforming for Success Based on Darling-Hammond's (2010) research there are five features of successful schools which make them ideal institutions designed for producing students ready for real world adaption. a. Small size learning communities within the school The size of learning groups matter and affect the success of learning outcome. Higher incidents of safety issues, decrease learning rate, impersonal teacher-student relation and disinterests are often the results of large learning groups. To organize for success, Darling-Hammond (2010) emphasizes on small size of school units. Small groups are manageable and allow opportunities for learning and experiencing education - they can be seen, heard, noticed and participate in any activity they want. She also emphasizes that "Overall, smaller high schools are associated with greater safety, more positive student attitudes about school, higher levels of student participation and attendance, much lower dropout rates, and...higher achievement" (Darling-Hammond 2010, p.245). Small learning units therefore create an environment that fosters positive student behavior towards education. With size, personalization also becomes effective. Small learning communities foster personalization and long-term relationship building among teachers and students. Large education systems cannot be effectively managed nor can their students enjoy positive learning experience. On the other hand, small learning units can easily incorporate advisory systems through counseling, academic support and family connections, and reduce loads for teachers to pay particular attention to individual student.

Discuss in what ways have these two technological innovations had an Essay

Discuss in what ways have these two technological innovations had an impact on international relations - Essay Example In addition to its ability to connect the different IT systems, internet also facilitates people on individual level to connect to one another. Internet has provided people living in different countries with the most cost-effective means to interact with one another more often. Thus international relations have been promoted through internet both on the level of a common man in the society and the nation as a whole. Since the introduction of internet into the society, it has been frequently used by the virtual organizations to create online democracy. Input for the decisions that affect the national and international political scenario is retrieved from the internet voters. Where this has generally provided the concerned authorities with a fairly convenient means of getting the public opinion on one hand, it has also, on the other hand, limited the representation of a significant population that is uneducated on the use of internet. It is noteworthy that a vast majority of the intern et users all over the world belong to the elite minority that represent â€Å"a fairly narrow spectrum of political discourse relative to local contest, rather than witnessing the emergence of cyberspace democracy or the incipient triumph of the internet in promoting civil society and democracy† (Moon-Gi 58). This speaks of the fact that the internet is yet far from being a setting for the democratic society that wants to share its views and make an impact through the cyberspace. The expansion of the cyberspace has conventionally had a huge impact upon the nature of political dialogue amongst the nations in general and their economic development in particular. Another prime driver of the online activity is the social sustainability. Cyber democracy requires increased representation of all communities of the society. Nuclear Bomb With the creation of nuclear bomb, the nature of war has undergone an altogether change. The world would have been a much different place to live in had nuclear bomb never been invented. Perhaps, there would have been more frequent breakouts of wars both within and among the countries all over the world. In the past, success in the war fundamentally depended upon the manual strength. People used to fight with arrows, swords and guns. Nuclear bomb has obviated the need to make use of any of these ancient weapons in the contemporary wars, yet nations tend to find other ways including dialogue and reconciliation to settle their disputes with their rivals rather than starting the war because there is no â€Å"winning the war† when it is a nuclear war. The nuclear war is just as harmful for the nation that is attacked as it is for the one that attacks, provided that both of them are nuclear powers. Since the division of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947, tensions between the two nations only strengthened. The two countries have twice had a war with each other once in 1965 and the second time, in 1974, whe n East Pakistan got separated from its Western wing and became Bangladesh. At the time of division, it was decided that the cities with Muslim majority would make part of Pakistan. Kashmir, the Indian-held place with a majority of Muslims into it has conventionally

Health and Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health and Homelessness - Essay Example Common health predicaments and service issues Drugs In the case of homeless people, especially rough sleepers, there is a higher rate of morbidity and mortality as compared to the general population. What this implies is that homeless people tend to have a lower or average lifespan than the general population. In this instance, the main problem is drug overdependence, and the exploitation of intravenous drugs, which results in the spread of diseases and viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B & C, cellulitis, among others (Baggott, Allsop & Jones 2005). Furthermore, the use of schedule 1 drugs that are not meant for medicinal purposes such as heroin and crack cocaine also increases the mortality and morbidity among the homeless people. The use of such drugs makes it hard for medical practitioners to deal or treat individuals with different medical problems. Sometimes, homeless people can just get into different medical centers just to get drugs, which prevents the process of rehabilitation (Baggot 2011). Drug treatments have now different nationally accepted outcomes. The prescription of drugs to homeless patients depends on the patients, the general practitioners, and the drug workers. The different individual circumstances might also aid in determining the outcomes of the strategies employed to cater to the different individuals present (CSDH 2008). Detoxification can only work with the cessation of drug use and/or provision from drug workers. Frenzied users may not prefer such an approach since it is not practicable or realistic.

Serbian and Kyrgyz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serbian and Kyrgyz - Essay Example Like the European monarchs after 1848, post- Soviet most influential men (Gordy 78-80; Jennings) have grown massively concerned concerning the transnational increase of revolution. Most states have already begun taking countermeasures to strip off such likelihood (Woodward 123; Gordy 78-80). These democratic revolutions which have occurred amongst the post-communist (Woodward 123) nations present a challenge for social science hypothesizing, due to the cross situation motivations that in part drive their spread violate the conjecture of the independence of cases that lies at the basis of much social scientific analysis both analyses based on the Millian (Woodward 123) method, as well as those statistical analyses that rely on the thought and notion that the result of each throw off the political dice (Woodward 123) is independent of the results of prior throws. With each iteration the shape has adjusted somewhat as it faces the reality of local factors (Woodward 123; Kapatadze, 186). However its main features have revolved around six elements: the use of stolen elections as the occasion for massive mobilizations against pseudo-democratic regimes; foreign support for the development of local democratic movements (Woodward 123); the organization of extreme youth movements using unorthodox protest (Kapatadze, 186) tactics preceding the polls in order to undermine the regime’s popularity (Kapatadze, 186) and will to suppress and to arrange for a final showdown (Woodward 123; Kapatadze, 186); a united opposition established in part through foreign prodding; external diplomatic pressure and unusually large electoral monitoring; and (Woodward 123); massive mobilization upon the announcement of fraudulent electoral results and the use of non- violent resistance tactics taken directly from the work of Gene Sharp, the guru of non-violent

Arabic students overseas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Arabic students overseas - Essay Example Indeed, the aforementioned countries have become the melting pot of cultures because of the lifestyle they offer which most people desire to have. For students, studying in one of these countries would mean better job opportunities either in the country of their choice or their own country. Nevertheless, along with the dream of pursuing one’s education in America or the United Kingdom are the challenges which could be truly difficult especially for Arabian students. The problems of communicating in English, having numerous written assignments, meeting new people, cultural differences, food preferences and homesickness are common among international students but there are solutions that could possibly help students to cope with their new environments. The first challenge that Arabian students face is communication barrier. Since English is not their native language, grammar mistakes, word use and sentence constructions which may come so easy with American and British students can prove to be a difficult job for an Arabian student. Struggling to speak in the English language oftentimes makes students ashamed or afraid to speak up their thoughts. In school, they may have difficulty explaining what they have in mind. During recitations, they may have wonderful ideas but their lack of English communication skills makes them incomprehensible and sometimes, they can be misinterpreted. In addition, they can also find it challenging to approach school authorities regarding their concerns because they may fear that their issues will not be resolved and that they will be exposed to humiliating circumstances. In communicating with their fellow students, the Arabian students may feel intimidated and therefore choose to keep to themselves ins tead and try to understand their lessons or other things on their own. However, of course, this often results to misunderstanding and further problems. Aside from having problems being understood, there is also the problem of

Serbian and Kyrgyz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serbian and Kyrgyz - Essay Example Like the European monarchs after 1848, post- Soviet most influential men (Gordy 78-80; Jennings) have grown massively concerned concerning the transnational increase of revolution. Most states have already begun taking countermeasures to strip off such likelihood (Woodward 123; Gordy 78-80). These democratic revolutions which have occurred amongst the post-communist (Woodward 123) nations present a challenge for social science hypothesizing, due to the cross situation motivations that in part drive their spread violate the conjecture of the independence of cases that lies at the basis of much social scientific analysis both analyses based on the Millian (Woodward 123) method, as well as those statistical analyses that rely on the thought and notion that the result of each throw off the political dice (Woodward 123) is independent of the results of prior throws. With each iteration the shape has adjusted somewhat as it faces the reality of local factors (Woodward 123; Kapatadze, 186). However its main features have revolved around six elements: the use of stolen elections as the occasion for massive mobilizations against pseudo-democratic regimes; foreign support for the development of local democratic movements (Woodward 123); the organization of extreme youth movements using unorthodox protest (Kapatadze, 186) tactics preceding the polls in order to undermine the regime’s popularity (Kapatadze, 186) and will to suppress and to arrange for a final showdown (Woodward 123; Kapatadze, 186); a united opposition established in part through foreign prodding; external diplomatic pressure and unusually large electoral monitoring; and (Woodward 123); massive mobilization upon the announcement of fraudulent electoral results and the use of non- violent resistance tactics taken directly from the work of Gene Sharp, the guru of non-violent

Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc Essay

Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc - Essay Example The essay "Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc" overviews the leadership, team building and communication strategies at Apple Inc, one of the top organizations, which are involving many workers who work in different teams. As the time passes, many things and concepts are modified according to the situation. Same is the case with the leadership style and theories. Leadership theories are modified according to the need of the hour. Traditionally there were trait leadership model, behavioral leadership, and the situational leadership theories. Then there comes a difference in the thought pattern of leaders and the organizations. The contemporary theories include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and the charismatic leadership. In the 21st century, there are many new concepts, which are emerging according to the situation and the issues, which any leader may face. This includes expansive leadership, emotional intelligence and the system thinking from the leader perspective. Different types of powers can be classified based on interpersonal communication. This interpersonal power actually assists people and very much helpful for the people who are in leadership positions. Expert power, legitimate power, referent power and the most important information power, these are all kinds of interpersonal powers which actually help any leader. When two or more persons work anywhere, in the form of a team or a group, then the occurrence of conflicts is a common matter of fact.

Drug Trafficking Is A Common Economics Essay

Drug Trafficking Is A Common Economics Essay Drug trafficking is a common trade in Mexico. Owing to its geographical location, Mexico strategic position in terms of drug supply, market demand, and distribution, the barons enjoy huge profits from the trade. Mexico neighbors Columbia, which is the world largest cocaine producer, and the U.S., which is a leading consumer of illicit drugs. Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico have a large network of illicit drugs supply. The Mexican laws against drug trafficking pose a major threat to the US drug customers since the laws threaten to cut down the drug trafficking avenues. However, the drug trafficking organizations are well organized and distinguished in order to conceal their illicit activities. This paper addresses similarities between the operations and activities of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) and those of legitimate international businesses. Mostly, the drug trafficker pose as money launders in order to invest their vast sums of cash obtained from the trade  [1]  This serves as a disguise since; they are able to channel their money to different investments, such as money laundering  [2]  .Like the international trade, the drug trafficking business is well- organized, with various marketing networks around the world. Drug trafficking is a business operation whose marketing techniques include smuggling, extortion, and threat, product line, and other outlawed items. The drug trafficking business is similar to a legitimate business venture, and sometimes has a corporate executive organizational structure, with support staff  [3]  The illegal business of drug trafficking survives due to pretense of undertaking legitimate business or through infiltration of legitimate business. In case of infiltration, the drug trafficking business operators use techniques such as protection rackets and immunity. Drug trafficking is a booming business in Mexico, where is it conducted by drug cartels and the Mexican Mafia. The cartels are not declared as terrorists, and this hinders the action of the American law enforcement and financial regulation on the Mexican borders  [4]   Seven drug cartels operate in Mexico. They are Sinaloa, Los Zetas, Arellano Felix organization, Beltran Levya, New Federation, and Familia Michoacana (LFM) cartels  [5]  . These cartels are illustrated as global businesses with backward and forward connections, for supplying and distributing their products in other countries  [6]  . As businesses, their main concern is supplying the markets with the illicit drugs in a most efficient manner in order  [7]  to increase their profits. This is a popular strategy, used by terrorist organizations, which engage in legal business, in order to fund their operations illegally or legally around the world. The Gulf Cartel emerges as a powerful drug cartel in profitability and territory. Los Zetas is extremely dangerous since it is made up of ex militaries from Mexican Airborne, who acts as assassins. Sinaloa Drug Trafficking Organization is more aggressive with an aim of controlling Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico. The LFM is a combination of criminal, social, and religious aspects, which leaves no marks on the corpses, and the crime scene, thus their actions are known as the divine justice acts  [8]  . Mexican cartels have various sub-divisions, with a vertical chain of command, originating from Mexico. The organization has surrogates throughout the U.S., who runs daily operations in the different countries. Mexican operators issue guidelines concerning transport of drugs, warehousing and money laundering services. Legitimate international businesses are well organized with their operations based in many countries. There is a chain of command in every business in order to avoid chaos and maintain uniformity in the operations. Use of violence is a common strategy, used by the gangs in order to protect their trading interests. However, these activities are carefully executed in order to avoid being caught. The aim is to create terror, which seeks to belittle the government ability to provide adequate security to the citizens. The drug traffickers in Mexico aim at undermining the government, in order to carry out their illicit trade activities without any threats from the authority. They want to create a free market in disguise, and fight for this freedom indirectly. Legitimate trade operates with minimal restrictions from the government and the drug traffickers want to acquire the status. There are willing buyers, and many people are using drugs such as heroin and cocaine, which the Mexican drug traffickers are willing to supply  [9]  .Legitimate international trade has willing buyers and sellers. Drugs have ready markets especially in the United States, with the suppliers having distributors in these regions. Their connections in the global context assist them to distribute the drugs easily. Legitimate international businesses have embraced globalization and can conduct their business freely in any country. They build customer trust and relationship, which enables customers to trust and conduct business with the dealers regardless of the distance. The drug traffickers practice social corporate responsibility in order to fulfill the ethical obligations, just as the legitimate international businesses do. LFM is known for its various donations such as Medicare, food, and school fees in aid for the poor. The drug barons aid the vulnerable and poor in the society in order to expose an inefficient government and damaged infrastructure  [10]  .This is a cover up of their real activities, and the public may mistake them for honest traders with an intention of reaching out to the community. They pretend to be practicing social corporate responsibility in order to disguise themselves. The cartels are dangerous and powerful and can outweigh the military and legitimate police. The illicit trade organizes its activities in a systematic manner, and carries out market research concerning the trade and are well versed with the risks involved  [11]  This is a similar scenario with many legitimate international businesses. The most targeted include vulnerable governments. There is a lot of illicit drugs flow from Mexico to the United States, and both states engage in the blame game concerning the predicament. The drugs have causes several deaths in the last few years, and the Mexican government is wary about the issue  [12]  . They have put up several strategies in order to combat the illicit drug trafficking trade. In order to combat drug trafficking effectively, Mexico advances anti-money laundering strategies in order to combat transnational organized crime  [13]  . Money laundering avails a lot of money to drug barons who re-use it for illicit drug trafficking  [14]  .Money laundering prevention, and dealing with financial terrorism is one of the comprehensive strategies of dealing with organized crime. Legitimate International businesses are against money laundering activities. The Mexico government realizes the dire need to attack the economic power of the drug traffickers in order to weaken them  [15]  .Mexico strives to enhance its bilateral cooperation with other countries in order to combat drug trafficking. Drug traffickers disguise their vast income in money laundering activities  [16]   The drug traffickers center around drug trade, and attempt to fill a specific illegal market niche globally. Legitimate international businesses attempt to supply goods that have willing buyers in the global markets. Illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine are used by many people around the world, thus the drug barons aggressiveness in meeting the demands. Furthermore, the business is extremely lucrative with high profitability  [17]  . Legitimate international businesses are expected to achieve high profitability. Drug trafficking activities are influenced by factors such as politics, culture, geography, and economics, just like the legitimate international trade  [18]   Mexico is geographically located at a strategic location since it neighbors Columbia, which is one of the most significant world cocaine producers. This makes Mexico to acquire the drugs easily and supply them in the market. On the other hand, the drug dealers have distribution channels in different countries, which enable the goods to reach consumers. The Mexican drug dealers mainly focus on the drug trade, since it is more profitable, and their geographical location favors the trade. Market attractiveness of drug trafficking and the strategic positioning of Mexico enables it to engage in illicit drug trafficking. Drug trafficking takes advantage of the international supply chains, and weak governance in order to introduce the illicit products to the market. The demand for drugs is high and this makes the drug traffickers aggressive in satisfying these markets. Drug trafficking is increasing at an alarming rate, with Mexico experiencing over 47,000 deaths because of drug abuse  [19]  . The drug traffickers have adequate funds and arms, thus presenting a threat to the national security. The barons derive their competitive advantage from factors such as access and control of drug smuggling paths across the U.S., and the ability to obtain, transport and sell major illicit drugs in Mexico. Mexican drug traffickers conduct their trade with great professionalism and ability. They are highly profitable and earn a lot of annual income for the country, just like most legitimate international businesses  [20]  .Most of the drug dealers in Mexico are motivated by money  [21]  .The barons seek to maximize the profit at any prospect and reduce their danger of being caught, or detected. Money is a crucial element in every formal and informal organization and legal or illegal enterprises. Drug traffickers receive a lot of money from their trade, which they invest in money laundering services  [22]  . This empowers them and provides them with the courage to challenge the states institutions and the economic development of a country. Traffickers change their strategies constantly through devising new sources, destinations, and transit zones. Law enforcers fail to deal with the international issues effectively, and the world does not possess effective global strategies f or curbing perennial crimes such as cocaine and heroin trade. The issues originating from organized transnational crime are not adequately addressed in a global context  [23]   According to Olson Wilson, Mexico reported an approximated U.S. $6.2 billion  [24]  , from illicit drug export proceedings. Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations activities and operations strive to create diplomatic relationships with other countries in order to combat drug trafficking. Drug traffickers operate in a large chain or drug racket, in a different destination. Mexico has to collaborate with other nations in order to crack down the operations. Similarly, legitimate international businesses have to cultivate positive relationships with other countries in order to carry out businesses in those countries. It is hard for a country to combat drug trafficking single-handedly, without the help of the international community. The Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTO, s), poses a major threat to the drug traffickers especially from the United States, since it is believed that the main customers are from the United States. Although the drug traffickers are not interested in overthrowing the Mexican government, they are keen on weakening the government in order to continue their operations without any interference from the state  [25]  . In order to facilitate their activities in the US, the drug traffickers from Mexico have formed alliances with United States prison and street gangs. These gangs are responsible for drug distribution in the United States  [26]  . According to Shanty et al, illicit drug trafficking has caused many social problems  [27]  ; hence it requires more severe measures to combat.  [28]  Released by Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Director Gil Kerlikowske set out goals in many of these areas. The strategy directs federal Agencies to increase coordination and information sharing with state and local law Enforcement agencies, intensifies national efforts to interdict the southbound flow Of weapons and bulk currency, and calls for continued close collaboration with the Government of Mexico in their efforts against the drug cartels.  [29]  Therefore even with the governments efforts to minimise illegal drug trafficking, cartels will always look for loopholes in the system, including using corrupt border officers. The cartels control the trafficking of drugs from South America to the US, a business that is worth an estimated $13bn ( £9bn) a year. Their power grew as the US stepped up anti-narcotics operations in the Caribbean and Florida. A US state department report estimated that as much as 90% of all cocaine consumed in the US comes via Mexico.  [30]  One reason why the government has deployed the army and marines so extensively is that it feels the police cannot be trusted. Drug cartels with massive resources at their disposal have repeatedly managed to infiltrate the underpaid police, from the grassroots level to the very top  [31]   Globalisation aids international trade, although it provides an opportunity for smugglers and traffickers due to an increase in trade regulation difficulties  [32]  Globalisation increases inequality, and this has a disruptive effect, which causes people to resolve to illicit markets, and organized crime as survival mechanisms. Illicit commerce has made a quick global spread in comparison with legal trade. Most transnational crimes begin in one continent and spreads to the others, mostly by a third means  [33]  . This makes it extremely hard to combat such perianal crimes. This was satisfied in a published article: While the Mexican federal government periodically cracked down on drug trafficking, these operations were limited in size and scope  [34]  . Conclusion The operations and activities of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) mirror those of legitimate international businesses in many respects. This ranges from their organizational structures to the marketing strategies. The drug trafficking enterprises practice socio-corporate responsibility in order to help the vulnerable people in the society. However, this is only used with an intention of undermining the government prowess and serves as a disguise for their criminal activities. The efforts of the Mexican government have been challenged because the drug rackets are powerful and interconnected in the global circles especially the United States, which is a strong hold market position. Drug trafficking business has various similarities arising from organizational structure, marketing and profitability. Mexico is strategically positioned, in terms of market supply and demand factors, which increases its profitability, and attractiveness. However, the illicit trade has caused many deaths ranging from consumption related deaths to law enforcers death. The dealers can do anything in order to protect their interests.

Cold War Vs. United States :: essays research papers

Cold War vs. United States The Cold War ended in 1991 after the Soviet Union fell apart. Since then, Russia's economy paralyzed, and the United States is three trillion dollars in debt, and both counties were weakened by the Cold War because of military spending. To have world peace does not mean that United States should increase its military strength. The Realist theory would argue that military strength is important to maintain peace both domestically and internationally. Even though the United States as the only superpower remains in certain perspective, the U.S can not be the peace keeper for the whole globe and every state on it. First of all, there are more than two hundred sovereign states in the whole world, and to have world peace requires every sovereign states' effort not only the United States but also every other states. A good example was the coalition force led by the United States under UN command which defeated Iraq's invasion army in Kuwait City in 1991. But the United States still respected Iraq's sovereignty under international rules. That was probably the reason why President Bush did not order the U.S army to invade Iraq after the U.S led coalition force expelled Iraq's force in Kuwait. Another example would be when Iraq's government massacred thousand of ethic minority Kurds when the Kurds rebelled against Iraq government in northern Iraq. The United States did not do a lot to help the Kurds because United States and the rest of the countries around the world recognized Iraq as a sovereign state in the international community even though that United States had a large military presence in the Persian gul f area during that time. More and more, non goverment organizations also play very important roles in world peace. Since 1945, the United Nations, a non government organization, has helped to bring cease-fire agreements to numerous hot spots around the globe in place like Cambodia or the Mid-East. Individual persons also play important roles in world peace. Such as former President Jimmy Carter, who helped negotiate the peace agreement that restored the democratic elected President Aristide back to his office in Haiti and avoided a direct military confrontation between the United States and the Haiti's military government in the last minute. Secondly, the cold war made former Soviet Unions bleed to white but also put the United States three trillion dollars in debt, and the debt is going up too. According to the IRS, the United States government is spending fifteen percent of gross annual revenue just paying off the interest of the three trillions deficits in 1996 (3).

How to Write an Essay :: Process Essays

Process Essay - How to Write an Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing a college essay can be a very difficult task. However, there are techniques to help make this task easier. The writing process is a three stage approach to planning and creating a college essay. These stages are known as prewriting, writing, and revising. If a student follows this process, she will write a good paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first stage of the writing process is called prewriting. There are five prewriting techniques that help writers to understand the topic and purpose of the writing assignment and limit the topic to a manageable and appropriate idea. The techniques are brainstorming, freewriting, diagramming, making a list, and preparing an outline. In brainstorming, you generate ideas for you writing. A writer might view a film and discuss or write their impressions, write a list of ideas for an essay, or discuss a topic with a group of students. You might ask yourself some questions such as What? Why? When? Where? How? and Who? In freewriting, you write non-stop about a subject for a certain amount of time. Spelling or punctuation, mistakes, and finding exact words do not matter. It helps you to get a clearer picture of what you are trying you say. Diagramming is helpful for people who think in a visual way. You can put your idea in a circle or block and branch off examples or other ideas pertaining to it. The fourth technique is making a list. You list as many items you can that has a relation to your topic. Your goal is to make details and to gather as much material as possible so you have something to start with when you go to write your paper. The last technique is preparing an outline. The thesis statement is clearly stated on the outline and a specific outline format is followed. Outlining gives you a sense of organization and allows you to see quickly if you have enough support for your ideas. After the writer is done prewriting, she moves on to the next step.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second stage for the writing process is called writing. In the writing phase, you make decisions about developing and organizing your ideas into writing and discover what you know about the subject. Insights gained from the prewriting phase help shape ideas into meaning for yourself and others. The writer may prepare a rough draft, focusing on the purpose of the writing and choosing a suitable form for a specific audience. You need a thesis to work with first. The thesis will be your guide while you write your essay.

Asses the Significance of the Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles did not dismantle Germany from its ability to wage war; it neither made the people grateful towards the allies. As the Italian political philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli of the 1500’s stated â€Å"___________†. The Treaty imposed many demands of the war weary country, these demands did not have an immediate effect on the country, and it instead gave a long-term legacy of bitterness and humiliation. The defeat of the German military was a shock to most Germans, as they were made to believe that they would be the victors in the â€Å"Great War†. The Treaty came as an equal shock, as it gave the government no chance to negotiate the terms. The terms included military provisions to be changed, territories to be given away and reparations to be paid. The military of Germany was to be reduced to 100,000 and Germany was not allowed to produce any guns, poisonous gas or tanks. These terms affected many Germans especially wealthy industrialists who made large profits from the business. Those thousands employed into factories to build weapons also lost their jobs. The German military was at a time four million strong before the war with the reduced military this put thousands of trained men onto the streets without employment, these men would prove later to be enemies of the new republic. The German General Staff was dismantled, therefore putting influential generals such as Ludendorff and Hindenburg unemployed but most importantly there loyalty was to nobody since the Kaiser abdicated. This allowed ambitious politicians to take advantage of the famed generals as they persuaded them to join their political parties. An example of this is Hitler having Ludendorff join him in his 1924 failed Munich Beerhall Putsch, he was used as a symbolic figure supporting Hitler’s regime. The powerful navy that German had, was to be reduced to a mere few ships, and the U-boats were strictly forbidden. This had the same affect as it did with the army; it put hundreds of sailors on the streets unemployed and angry. Since it was not the Military that decided to sign the armistice they felt a sense of betrayal from the new government. This was to be called the â€Å"Stab in the back† theory, which was used by the military to explain why they were defeated and recalled. This theory was made to preserve the unscathed honor of the German military. The territories that the Treaty demanded were immense. The long held provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were taken by France. These provinces had been held by Germany since 1871, the people were a generation of Germans and the immediate change came as a shock. The Allies also claimed economic control over the rich coal-producing area of the Saar basin, its workers were German but the production was to go to France. This had a dramatic effect on the amount of coal German was producing, before the war Germany war producing 277 million tonnes and 14 million tonnes of steel. Because of the economic control of the Saar basin both of these vast industries were badly disabled, this therefore effected Germany producing an effective income from these industries that it prospered. The large region of Posen was created into a new country called Poland, but the allies determined that the new nation needed access to the sea. Therefore part of West Prussia was given to Poland, this area was called the Polish Corridor where many Germans lived, now under the new country Poland. The large city of Danzig was also taken from Germany and taken by the control of the new-formed League of Nations. Schleswig a region farthest north of Germany and south of Denmark was to be given to the government of Denmark, as the regions of Eupen and Malemdy was given to Belgium. The large area of the Rhine land, which lied on the border of Belgium and France, was to be demilitarized effectively stopping any further motivations to invade France. Germany had ten colonies based in Africa and Asia; these colonies had an overall population of fifteen million, adding trade and tax income to Germany’s government. But the Allies stated in the Treaty that Germany was â€Å"Colonially Unworthy† and as a result lost control of all her colonies. These colonies were controlled and administrated by the League of Nations. All these territorial demands from the Treaty of Versailles not only had an economic impact to the German country but it had a morale effect of humiliation to the German populace. Many articles in German Newspapers such as the Deutsche Zeitung stated, â€Å"German honor is being carried into its grave†¦. The German people will with unceasing labor press forward to reconquer the place among nations to which it is entitled. † and as well politicians used this as propaganda promising that their party will reclaim German honor. The Treaty also forced Germany to take full responsibility of the war. The Allies made them accept that it was their fault and that the countries all suffered because of Germanys selfishness. Because they were blamed for the war the Allies saw fit that they were to pay for the reparations of the war. This amount concluded to 32 billion American dollars, this was but a mere partial cost to the war but Germany still tried to resist paying the total amount. The reparations were not paid until 1921 a full three years after the signing of the Treaty. The initial German reaction the terms of the treaty was shock and anger. Since the Kaiser abdicated it fell upon the new government to sign the treaty, because of this the Weimar Republic was always held accountable for disgracing Germany. There were many in Germany, who urged a rejection of the treaty like Hindenburg, but many more had a realistic perspective and insisted that the government sign it; these people were General Groener and other members of the Reichstag. The initial anger and outbursts the treaty invoked on the people was of hopelessness, the reality was that Germany had little choice other than to accept the treaty. If the Government did not sign the Treaty the country would have been dismantled like it was after World War 2. The Treaty of Versailles importance is clearly exemplified in its determined effect of Germany. The country lost about thirteen percent of its territory, 12 percent of its population and a combined 64 percent of its iron and coal industries. But Germany still remained one of the strongest countries on the continent. As the Treaty effected the country on an emotionally level, the Germans of all classes were disgraced and angry at the Weimar Republic for signing the treaty. The Treaty obviously did not destroy Germanys ability to create an army (WW2) nor did it encourage them to not go to war. The effect of the Treaty forced a generation of Germans to swear vengeance on the Allies.

Against Same Sex Marriage Essay

The legalization of the marriage between same sex couples will permanently change the rite of marriage in our society. The legalization of homosexual marriage will quickly destroy the traditional family. Marriage is the institution that forms and upholds for society, the cultural and social values and symbol related to procreation. That is, it establishes the values that govern the transmission of human life to the next generation and the nurturing of that life in the basic societal unit, the family. Through marriage our society works out the relationship of two people who will together create and nurture a new generation. To change the definition of marriage to include same sex marriage couples would destroy its capacity to function in many ways. It could no longer represent procreative relationships of opposite sex marriages.Reproduction is the fundamental occurrence on which the future of life depends. It is the primary reason why marriage is so important to society. In same sex marriages procreation would be eliminated entirely. First, when the state sanctions homosexual relationships and gives them its blessing, the younger generation becomes confused about sexual identity and quickly loses its understanding of lifelong commitments, emotional bonding, sexual purity, the role of children in a family, and from spiritual prospective, the sanctity of marriage. Marriage is reduced to a partnership that provides attractive benefits and sexual convenience. Cohabitation and short term relationships are the inevitable result. Second, the introduction of legalized gay marriages will lead to polygamy and other alternatives to the one man, on woman unions. Why will gay marriage set the table for polygamy? Because there is no place to stop once the line has been crossed. Historically, the definition of marriage has rested on a foundation of tradition, legal precedent, theology, and the overwhelming support of the people. After the introduction of marriage between homosexuals it will be supported by nothing more substantiated than the opinion of a single judge or by a black-robed panel of justices (Marriage under Fire). After their decision, the family will consist of little more than someone’s interpretation of rights. Given that unstable legal judgment, it is certain some self-possessed judge, somewhere, will soon rule that three men or three women can marry. How about group marriage or marriage between cousins, or marriage between parent and child? How about marriage between a man and his animal? Anything allegedly linked to civil rights will be doable. The legal underpinnings for marriage will have been destroyed. These other couples restricted from marrying are not equivalent to homosexual couples, but are necessary to illustrate that marriage is heavily regulated, and for good reason. When a state recognizes a marriage, it bestows upon the couple certain benefits which are costly to both the state and other individuals. Collecting a deceased spouse’s social security, claiming an extra tax exemption for a spouse, and having the right to be covered under a spouse’s health insurance policy are just a few examples of its costly benefits associated with marriage. In a sense, a married couple receives a subsidy. A marriage between two unrelated heterosexuals is likely to result in a family with children. For this reason, states have, in varying degrees, restricted from marriage, couples unlikely to produce children. One may argue that lesbians are capable of procreating via artificial insemination, so the state does have an interest in recognizing lesbian marriages, but a lesbian’s sexual relationship, committed or not, has no bearing on her ability to reproduce (Single Parent: What Helps, What Hurts). However, there is ample evidence that children need both female and male parent for proper development. It is essential for a child to be nurtured by parents of both sexes if a child is to learn to function in a society made up of both sexes (Life without Father). With the legalization of homosexual marriage, every public school in the nation will be required to teach that this lifestyle is the moral equivalent of traditional marriage between a woman and a man. Textbooks, even in conservative states, will have to depict man/man and woman/woman relationships and stories written for children as young as elementary or even kindergarten, will have to give equal space to homosexuals. Every public school will also be forced to teach that same sex marriage and homosexuality are perfectly normal. They will teach little boys  and little girls that husband and wife and father and moother are merely optional for a family and therfore, meaningless (No Gay Marriage). Same sex families deny children either a mother or father. In certain cases, the same sex family is not driven by the needs of children, but rather by the radical wishes of a small group of adults. Thousands of published social science, psychological and medical studies show that children living in fatherless families, on average, suffer dramatically in every measure of well-being. These children suffer from higher levels of loneliness, physical or mental illness, behavior problems, educa tional failure or criminal troubles. The third reason marriage between homosexuals will destroy traditional marriage is that this is the ultimate goal of activists, and they will not stop until they achieve it. Homosexual activists, with their inner power and exhilaration, feel the political climate is right to tell us what they have wanted all along. Gay marriages are likely to do for gay rights what the rallying cry of â€Å"abortion on demand† did for the Equal Rights Amendment and the women’s movement. It diverts the real debate on every level. It reduces the cause of gay rights to a single issue. But the real deal is most gays and lesbians do not want to marry each other. They do not want to entangle themselves in all sorts of legal constraints (Single Parent What Helps, What Hurts). In a perfect democratic world, gay marriage would be an option for those who want it. However, this world is not a perfect democracy, and the fight for gay marriage is the wrong fight at the wrong time (Focus on Family). In conclusion, the reason for excluding same sex couples from marriage matters: If the reason for denying homosexual marriage is that we have no respect for same sex couples and their relationships and want to give the message that homosexuality is wrong, then that is discrimination and that is wrong. On the other hand, if the reason is to keep the very nature, essence and substance of marriage intact, and the essence is to protect the procreative relationship, then excluding same sex couples from marriage is ethically acceptable. This such refusal is not discrimination. Ethics requires us to take the least invasive, least restrictive alternative, reasonably available and likely to be effective in achieving a justified  goal. Maintaining a traditional marriage and legally recognizing same sex partnerships fulfills that ethical requirement (Why Marriage Matters). Gay and lesbian people have a right to form meaningful relationships. They do not have a right to redefine marriage for all of us. What will happen to society if marriage becomes anything or everything or nothing? The short answer is that the state will lose its compelling interest in marital relationships altogether. After marriage has been redefined, divorces will be obtained instantly, will not involve a court, and will take on the status of a driver’s license or hunting permit. With the family out of the way, all rights and privileges of marriage will accrue to gay and lesbian partners without the legal entanglements and commitments associated with it. These are a few reasons why I am against homosexual marriage. Legalizing it will change everything, especially the institution of the family. Every society needs natural marriage- as many men as possible each finding a woman, caring for and committing himself exclusively to her- working together to create and raise the next generation.